From: Subject: Prac 4 - PWM Date: Thu, 2 Aug 2007 11:31:56 +1000 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0064_01C7D4F8.BB6561F0" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.3138 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0064_01C7D4F8.BB6561F0 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.itee.uq.edu.au/~elec2002/pracs/prac_4/index.html Prac 4 - PWM

ELEC2002 - Prac 4

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

Updated 6 September, 2006 Author: Peter=20 Waldeck

Goal

See the following topics:=20

Back to = Lab=20 Experiment Index=20

Preparation

  1. Pulse Width Modulation

    PWM allows variable-width pulses to be output to a pin, allowing = the AVR to=20 approximate analogue voltages.  This is done through the use of a = free-running counter, continuously compared to a register.  When = the=20 counter matches the register, an output pin is toggles.  Given a=20 sufficiently high counting frequency, the output will approximate an = analogue=20 voltage.  This process is shown in Figure 1, where the dotted = line=20 represents the register value (and the corresponding output = voltage).

    Figure 1.  The PWM process

    These variable width pulses may be averaged by external circuitry = to form=20 analogues voltages proportional to the value in the compare = register. =20 This technique is often used in motor control applications.

    The AVR architecture allows the generation of PWM signals as a = function of=20 Timer/Counter 1.  Write an assembly language program which will = read the=20 value on PORTB when triggered by a pushbutton connected to INT1.  = This=20 value is to be used as the register value for an 8-bit PWM.  The = skeleton=20 code for this is given in pra= c4_1.asm.

    The following registers will be used:=20

    DDRB=20 Port B Data Direction Register=20
    DDRD Port D Data Direction Register =
    PINB Input Pins, Port B
    TCCR1A Timer/Counter1 Control Register A
    TCCR1B Timer/Counter1 Control Register = B
    OCR1AL Timer/Counter1  Output = Compare=20 Register A Low Byte
    GIMSK General Interrupt Mask register
    MCUCR MCU general Control Register
     

  2. Timer interrupts

    The timer may be used to generate an interrupt at fixed = intervals. =20 This is useful for performing tasks at regular times.  Write a = program to=20 use Timer 0 to interrupt the processor at 5ms intervals.  Is it = possible=20 to generate interrupts exactly 5ms apart?  What could be done to = increase=20 the accuracy?

    The interrupt handler should increment the compare register from = Part=20 1.  INT1 is to be disabled.  Some of the code from part 1 = will be=20 used.  The skeleton code is given in pra= c4_2.asm.

    The following additional registers will be used:=20

    TIMSK Timer/Counter Interrupt Mask Register
    TCCR0 Timer/Counter 0 Control Register
    TCNT0 Timer/Counter 0

 

Back=20 to Contents=20

Procedure

  1. Pulse Width Modulation

    Assemble the PWM program that you have written and and program it = into the=20 device on the AVR8515 Project Board.=20

    With your program in the device on the project board, carry out the = following steps:=20

    Switch off the power supply to the project board and logic=20 workstation.

    • Connect the toggle switches to PORTB pins=20
    • Connect a pushbutton to INT1.=20
    • Connect the PWM output to an LED

    Experiment using a range of values on the toggle switches.  = What=20 happens to the LED?

     

  2. Timer interrupts

    Assemble the timer interrupt program that you have written and = program it=20 into the device on the AVR8515 Project Board.=20

    With your program in the device on the project board, carry out the = following steps:=20

    Switch off the power supply to the project board and logic=20 workstation.

    • Connect the toggle switches to PORTB pins=20
    • Connect a pushbutton to INT1.=20
    • Connect the PWM output to an LED

    Adjust your program so that it cycles at a different rate.  = What=20 interesting effects can you produce?

Back=20 to Contents=20

Equipment

Back=20 to Contents=20

References

Back=20 to Contents=20

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